نشریه راهبردهای توسعه روستایی
سال دهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 40، زمستان 1402)

This research was done in the year 2021 and is based on its applied purpose and in terms of its analytical and exploratory nature. The method of data collection, according to the nature of the research study, is both library and field. Qualitative data was collected through an open questionnaire and document review. Quantitative data was prepared numerically and by weighting the Delphi questionnaire. In such a way that first the indicators were collected in different dimensions, and then they were provided to specialists and experts. In order to identify driving and key variables, the model of mutual effects has been used in the form of Mic Mac software. In the next step, after identifying the key factors, 30 experts were asked to assign a score of 0 to 3 to the indicators based on their degree of influence in the framework of the matrix of mutual effects. the results showed that six variables were in independent positions, two variables were input variables, two were dependent variables, and two were in binary positions. Also, the factor of planned tourism in the villages, whose direct impact was 24, as the input factor with the highest determining power in the first place, is the key driver for the development of tourism in the villages of Nair City from the expert panel's point of view. Also, environmental protection, residential facilities, and health facilities of the village were in second place with an impact rate of 17. In this regard, it is suggested to develop a codified programme for the development of rural tourism according to the powers and potentials of the region. In such a way that the development of the tourism industry in rural areas is studied as a new strategy by local communities, political agents, and planners who are considered important factors in the reform of rural areas and can play a major role in the development of these areas.

The development of rural entrepreneurship is the key to solving various problems in the country's rural communities, including unemployment, poverty, food insecurity, migration, social anomalies, etc. The study aimed at investigating the focal correlation between entrepreneurship indicators (X variables including success, …) on sustainable rural development (Y variables including social sustainability, economic sustainability…) in rural areas west of Urmia Lake (in 2020-2021) to determine the variability between the two sets of variables. The statistical population of the study includes all households living on the western shore of Urmia Lake (N = 17738), of which 374 sample (households) were selected using Cochran's formula and multi-stage stratified sampling with proportional assignment. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity and reliability were confirmed using face validity and Cronbach's alpha coefficient (Between 0.703 and 0.836). In this research, in order to investigate the objectives of the study, Canonical Correlation Analysisand Spearman's correlation coefficient were performed using SPSS software. The results of Canonical Correlation Analysis showed that there is a good linear combination between the set of focal variables of rural entrepreneurship indicators and the components of sustainable rural development in the studied areas. Also, the canonical correlation analysis of two significant sets showed that creativity (0.833) and self-confidence (0.898) have a significant relationship with economic stability (0.835) and physical stability (0.982). In other words, it can be concluded that by improving the situation of factors affecting the development of entrepreneurship in rural areas, we can see sustainable rural development. Therefore, it can be suggested to increase skills such as self-reliance, self-confidence, creativity, responsibility, etc. among the villagers through holding various training classes.

Occurrence of natural disasters such as floods and earthquakes in geographical areas, especially in rural areas, has devastating effects. Such incidents often endanger the health of residents by destroying economic resources and welfare and biological facilities, and those are always a serious threat to the development of rural areas. In this regard, the purpose of this study is the spatial analysis of the extent to which the local community has economic factors affecting resilience against environmental hazards in the villages of Sistan region. This research has been done by descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population of the present study included all heads of households in 373 villages wich had more than 50 households in Sistan region. Using Cochran's formula, 189 household heads were randomly selected as a sample. In order to analyze the data, SPSS, WASPAS and Arc GIS software were used . The results of regression test on the effect of economic factors on the resilience of rural communities in Sistan region indicate that the degree of multiple correlation between Economic factors and resilience is equal to the coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.003) which shows that Economic factors have no effect on the productivity of villagers in the Sistan region. Also, the results of WASPAS ranking technique confirm that the villagers located in Nimroz and Helmand counties have the highest rate of economic resilience against natural hazards and the villagers located in Hamoon county have the lowest rate of economic resilience against risks which They are natural.

One of the measures that can be taken in crisis management of Lake Urmia is to measure the impacts of the drying up of the lake on the rurals income in the basin. Assessing impacts in local dimensions is important because of identifying the ability of areas involved in environmental crises to deal with them. Also, using the results of measuring this important factor can lead to the adoption of appropriate livelihood policies to reduce vulnerability. In this regard, the present study investigated factors affecting the income of rural households in Urmia lake basin using panel data in the three provinces of West Azerbaijan, East Azerbaijan and Kurdistan. Utilizing the data of the period of 2006-2019 and estimating the model using the fixed effects approach showed that percentage of working people of the active rural population, the area of irrigated land, the level of Lake Urmia, and annual rainfall respectively have the most positive effects on the real annual income. So that for one percent increase in the value of each of these variables, the real income will increase by 0.269, 0.186, 0.074 and 0.006 percent respectively. Taking support measures for the construction of greenhouses, investing in non-agricultural businesses in order to diversify the income and livelihood resources of the villagers, expanding mechanization and the use of new technologies in the agricultural sector Land equipping with new irrigation systems, and speeding up the completion of projects approved by the lake restoration headquarters are the suggestions of the present study.

The linkage between research and extension has always been considered as one of the most important and challenging issues in agricultural innovation systems. After the implementation of the agricultural extension new system, the linkage between these two sectors was considered as an important component. The main purpose of this survey research (which was done in 2021-2022) was to analyzing effective linkage mechanisms between research and extension in the agricultural extension new system in Iran. The statistical population of the study consisted of extension agents (N= 1113) in Alborz, Fars, Sistan & Baluchestan and Lorestan Provinces, out of whom 291 extension agents determined as sample using Krejcie and Morgan sampling table and proportionate stratified sampling technique. Data were collected through a questionnaire, validity of which was approved by a panel of experts and construct validity (AVE Index). Reliability of the questionnaire was approved by calculating the Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability (CR). The collected data were analyzed by SPSS22 and Smart PLS3 software. Results of prioritizing effective linkage mechanisms between research and extension indicated that "motivation" and "monitoring and evaluation" mechanisms, respectively, with the average of 3.85 and 3.80 were in the highest ranks and "structural-functional" and "participatory" mechanisms, respectively, with the average of 3.66 and 3.67 were in the lowest ranks. In addition, the results of confirmatory factor analysis confirmed that these mechanisms had eight components (i.e. motivation, participation, infrastructure-support, legal-policy, structural-functional, monitoring - evaluation, communication and training-empowerment), that “motivation” and “communication” components had the highest and lowest values of standard coefficient (0.964 and 0.786). Accordingly, it is recommended to improve the linkage between research and extension through: motivation, participation in the multilevel planning process, using the capacities of the non-governmental sector, training and empowerment programs, structural reforms, providing the necessary facilities and infrastructure and use of information and communication technology.

Increasing the consumption of medicinal plants has many benefits, including creating employment and generating income for producers, especially in rural communities whose livelihoods are highly dependent on nature. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the factors affecting the consumption of medicinal plants and its status in the market in order to provide the most important factors for the development of this type of exploitation. This study examines the presentation and consumption of medicinal plants and the attitude and belief of people in it in the perfumeries of Torbat Heydarieh. Descriptive research method and collection tool was done using a questionnaire designed by the researcher. The statistical population of this study was the most important and significant perfumers of Torbat Heydariyeh and buyers of medicinal plants. The sample size using the Cochran's formula is equal to 383 which includes127 prominent perfumers of Torbat Heydarieh city and 256 buyers of medicinal plants were selected. After collecting the data by a questionnaire, the research data were analyzed using SPSS23 software. The results showed that there was a significant and positive relationship between the manner of keeping medicinal plants and the amount of consumption of people (r = 0.32) and the relationship between the supply of medicinal plants and the amount of consumption of people (r = 0.390) Was obtained. Between people's attitudes and beliefs about the effectiveness of medicinal plants and Consumption of people (r = 0.582) and a significant and positive relationship was obtained between having a degree related to medicinal plants and the amount of consumption of medicinal plants by people (r = 0.376). Therefore, only by increasing the awareness of consumers about the benefits of using medicinal plants and also by changing the way of supplying medicinal plants from traditional to modern methods, it is possible to help the development of the market of medicinal plants.

Although Sistan and Baluchestan Province is renowned for its handicrafts and has the potential ‎to contribute significantly to the local economy, the industry has not yet met expectations. The ‎downturn in demand in the handicraft market has not only eroded the incentive to enter this ‎industry, but also made some people unemployed in this area and had other side effects, such as ‎an increase in rural-to-city migration and the lack of production of some handicrafts. In this ‎regard, the purpose of this study is to evaluate and rate barriers to market development in the ‎handicraft cooperatives of this province. The present research is applied and quantitative and ‎the required information has been extracted using questionnaires and interviews with activists ‎and experts of this field in Sistan and Baluchestan province. A total of 40 questionnaires were ‎collected in 2022 and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results show that ‎the limited holding of national or international exhibitions of handicrafts, investors' ‎unwillingness to invest in handicrafts due to restrictive mechanisms and inadequate public ‎propaganda to recognize the effects of handicrafts (especially tourists) are the most important ‎barriers to the development of handicraft market are. The lack of design and use of integrated ‎and scientific marketing systems for selling products by manufacturing companies, and the ‎inability to sell handmade products directly by manufacturers, are also serious barriers to the ‎lack of development of the province's handicraft market. However, the mismatch of provincial ‎handicraft production with consumer tastes, diversity and product attractiveness is not a serious ‎obstacle to the development of crafts markets. ‎

Ecosystem threatment assessment is essential to monitoring, evaluating, and developing appropriate environmental management strategies. Amirkelayeh international wildlife refuge with an area of 1230 hectares is located in the Shirjoopasht village belonging to Rudbaneh section, Lahijan city, and Giulan province. In this research, first, library resources and the Amirkelayeh wetland ecosystem management plan (2020) were used to compile the criteria and sub-criteria of the research. 30 wetland stakeholders participated in the plan development. To extract and explain wetland problems a questionnaire with basic criteria was designed and sent to 15 experts. In the next step, the opinions of the experts were measured in terms of normality with the help of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Finally, using these components, the problems were analyzed using the method Fuzzy Delphi were ranked. The results of the ranking of the sub-criteria showed that the entrance of invasive species and the growth and decomposition of plant species with a score of 0.38 in the biological criteria, the reduction of the depth and surface of the wetland also, and the fertilizers and pesticide pollution in the physicochemical criteria with a score of 0.21 and 0.20 respectively had the highest ranks. Increasing the farming lands around the wetland with a score of 0.19, unsustainable water resources exploitation, and local communities’ economic issues with a score of 0.18 were identified as the most important economic sub-criteria. Illegal hunting with a score of 0.11 and lack of collaboration among stakeholders in wetland management with a score of 0.10 was the most important social sub-criteria, and finally, lack of awareness of local communities, managers, and stakeholders with scores of 0.31 and 0.30, respectively was the most important cultural sub-criteria. The use of other methods for quantification of wetland- threatening factors will be fruitful in achieving more accurate and complete results for the more successful implementation of the Amirkelayeh wetland ecosystem management plan and achieving sustainable development in villages around the wetland.